320

(pages 132 - 137) Notes 73. On Ali Aziz, see A. Tietze, "Aziz Efendis Muhayyelat," Oriens 1

(1948): 248 - 329; E. Kuran, "Osmanl? daimi elçisi Ali Aziz Efendi'- nin Alman ?arkiyatç?s? Friedrich von Diez ile Berlin'de ilmi ve felsefi myhaberati (1797 Y" Belleten 27 (1963): 45 - 58; and Eiz., s.v. "Ali

Aziz" (A. Tietze). 74. On these embassies, see T. Naff "Reform and the conduct of

Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim II, 1789 - 1807," Journal of the American Oriental Society 83 (1963): 295 - 315; E. Kuran, Avrupa da

Osmanl? Ikamet Elçiliklerinin Kurulus are lik Elçilerin Siyasi Faaliyetleri 1793

1821 (Ankara, 1968); S. J. Shaw, Behueen Old and New pp. 180 ff. 75. On Mehmed Raif see S. J. Shaw, Between Old and Neo, index. 76. On the Egyptian student missions, see J. Heyworth-Dunne, An

Introduction to the History of Education in Modernt Egypt (London, 1938), pp. 104 ff, 221 ff, and passim.

There is an extensive literature on Sheikh Rifa'a in Arabic and in Western languages. See Eli., s.v. 'Rifaa Bey' (Chemoul); further, J. Heyworth-Dunne, "Rif?'ah Badawi Rafif at-Tahtawi: The Egyptian Revivalist", BSOAS 9 (1937 - 39): 961 - 67, 10 (1940 - 42): 399415. The fullest treatment is that of Gilbert Delanoue, Moralistes et politiques musulmans dans l'Egypte du XIXème siècle (1798 - 1882) (Service de reproduction des theses, Lille, 1980), 1, chap. 5. Sheikh Rif?'a's travels in France, entitled Takhlis al-ibriz fi talkhis Bariz (usually known as al-Rihla) has been printed a number of times. References

are to the (Cairo, 1958) edition. 77. Published in I. Ra'in, Safarname-i Mirz? Salih Shirazi, (Tehran, 1347 s).

See further Storey, Persian Literature, I, pt 2, pp. 1148 - 50, and Hafez Farman Farmayan, "The Forces of modernization in nineteenth century Iran: a historical survey," in W. R. Polk and R. L. Chambers (editors), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East (Chicago 1968), pp. 122 ff.

الفصل الخامس -

1. Irsad. See above chapter 3, n. 15. 2. See C.A. Nallino, "al-Khuwarizmi e il suo rifacimento della Geo

grafia di Tolomeo" in Raccolta di Scritti, vol. 5 (Rome, 1944), pp. 458 - 532; D. M. Dunlop, "Muhammad b. Müs? al-Khwarizmi," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1943): 248 - 50; and R. Wieber, Nordwesteuropa nach der arabischen Bearbeitung der Ptolem?ischen Geographie con Muhammad b. Müs? al-Hwarizmi (Walldorf-Hessen, 1974).