Notes (pages 138 - 140)

• 321 3. The Muslim geographical literature of the Middle Ages is examined in two major works, one by A. Miquel, La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu'au milieu du lle siècle, 3 vols. (Paris, 1967 - 80), especially vol. 2, Giographie arabe et représentation du monde le ferred l'étranger, chapters 6 and 7 on eastern and western Europe; the other by I.J. Kra?kovsky, Istoriya Arabskoy Geografiteskoy Literatury, Izbraniye Sa?inetiya, vol. 5 (Moscow-Leningrad, 1957), Arabic transl. by S.U. H?shim, Ta'rikh al-adab al-djaghrafi al-'arabi (Cairo, 1963). For a briefer survey, see E/2., s.v. "Djughrafiya," (S. Maqbul Ahmad). On medieval Muslim geographers' knowledge of Europe, see 1. Guidi, "L'Europa occidentale negli antichi geografi arabi," Florilegium M. de Vogir (1909): 263 - 69; E. Ashtor, "Che cosa sapevano i geografi Arabi dell'Europa occidentale?," Ripista Storica Italiana 81 (1969): 453 - 79;K. Jahn, "Das Christliche Abendland in der islamischen Geschichtsschreibung des Mittelalters," Anzeiger der phil.-hist. Klasse der ?sterrei. chischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 113 (1976): 1 - 19; Y.Q. al-Khüri,

"al-Jughrafiy?n al-'Arab wa-Ur?ba", al-Abhath 20 (1967): 357 - 92. 4. Ibn Khurradadhbeh, Kitab al-mas?lik we -mamalik, ed. M. J. de Goeje

(Leiden, 1889), p. 155. 5. Ibid., pp. 92 - 93. 6. Ibid. p. 153. For an important recent study see M. Gil, "The R?dha

nite Merchants and the Land of R?dhan," JESHO 18 (1974): 299 - 328. 7. Ibn al-Faqih, Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buld?n, ed. M. J. de Goeje (Leiden,

1885); cf. French transl., H. Massé, Abrégé des Liore des Pays, (Damascus, 1973) p. 8. 8. Ibn Rusteh, Kitab al-alag al-nafisa, ed. M. J. de Goeje (Leiden, 1892).

p. 85; cf. French transl., G. Wiet, Les Alours Precieux (Cairo, 1958), p. 94. 9. Mas ?di, Kitab al-tanbih wa l-ishrif (Beirut, 1965), pp. 23 - 24; cf.

French transl., Carra de Vaux, Macaudi, le livre de l'acertissement et de la

révision (Paris, 1897), pp. 38 - 39. 10. Masfüdi, Murij al-dhahab, ed. and transl. F. Barbier de Meynard and

Pavet du Courteille (Paris, 1861 - 77) 3: 66 - 67; ibid., 2 nd ed., C. Pellat (Beirut, 1966 - 70) 2:145 - 46; cf. revised French transl., C. Pellat

(Paris, 1962 - 71) 2:342. 11. On Arabic accounts of the Vikings, see A. Melvinger, Les premièces

incursions des Vikings en Orrident d'après les sources arabes (Uppsala, 1955); A. A. el-Hajji, ''The Andalusian diplomatic relations with the Vikings ... " The sources were collected by A. Seippel, Rerum Norman nicarum, and translated into Norwegian by H. Birkeland, Norders Historie i Middelalderen efter Arabiske Kilder (Oslo, 1954).