Nates (pages 92 - 95)

? 315 (Baghdad, 1973): 53 - 103. Also see S. Runciman, "Charlemagne and

Palestine," English Historical Revieto 50 (1935): 606 - 19. 8. See above, chap. 3, n. 5. 9. Arabic text, R. Dozy, ed., Recherches sar l'histoire et la literature de l'Espagne pendant le moyens dge, 3 rd ed. (Paris-Leiden, 1881), 2: 81 - 88; reprinted by A. Seippel, Rerum Normannicarum Fontes Arabici (Oslo, 1946), pp. 13 - 20. CF. German translation, G. Jacob, Arabische Berichte Don Gesandien an germanische Fürstenh?fe aus den 9. und 10. Jahrhundert (Berlin-Leipzig, 1927), pp. 38 - 39; French transl. in R. Dozy, Recher. ches, 3 rd ed., 2: 269 - 78. For discussions, see W.E. D. Allen, The Port and the Spar-Wife (Dublin, 1960), and E. Lévi-Provençal, "Un échange d'ambassades entre Cordoue et Byzance au IX siècle", Byzantion 12 (1937):1 - 24, who dismisses the story as a literary fabrication based on a genuine embassy to Constantinople. See further, E 12., 5.v. "Ghazal" (A. Huici Miranda). Also see A. A. el-Hajji, "The Andalusian Diplomatic Relations with the Vikings during the Umayyad

Period," Hesperis Temuda, 8 (1967): 67 - 110. 10. The surviving fragments of Ibrahim ibn Yaqub's travels have

formed the subject of an extensive literature. Both texts, the 'Udhni version as preserved by Qazvini and the Bakri passages are available in print Qazvini, in the edito princeps by F. Wüstenfeld, Zakarija ben Muhammed ben Mahmud al-Cazwini's kosmographie, li, Kitab Athar al-bilad. Die Denkmdier der L?nder (G?ttingen, 1848); the Bakri excerpt was first edited by A. Kunik and V. Rosen, Izteshiya al-Betri i drugih eutero o Rusi i Slavyanakh (St. Petersburg, 1878 - 1903), reprinted with a critical commentary by T. Kowalski, Relatio Ibrikit on juhib de itinere sladice, in Monumenka Poloniae Historica 1 (Cracow, 1946): 139 ff., and now conveniently accessible in an edition of Bakri's book by

A.A. el-Hajji, ed. /ughrifiye al-AndalustoaUribe (Beirut, 1968). Translations include G. Jacob in Arabische Berichte .... pp. 11 - 33; and

most recently, A. Miquel, "L'Europe occidentale dans la relation arabe de Ibrahim b. Yaqub", Annales ESC 21(1966): 1048 - 1064

Other studies include, B. Spuler, "Ibrahim ibn Jafqüb Orientalistiche Bemerkungen," Jahrbücher fur Geschichte Osteuropas, 3 (1938): 110; E. Ashtor, The finos of Moslem Spain, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, 1973), pp. 344 - 49; A.A. el-Hajji, "Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub at-Tartushi and his diplomatic activity." The Islamic Quarterly 14 (1970): 22 - 40. See fur

ther Elz., s.v. "Ibrahim b. Yaqub," (A. Miquel). 11. G. Jacob, Arabische Berichte, p. 31, n. 1: "Es ist charakteristisch, das

der arabische Diplomat den Kaiser als Gew?hrsmann nicht nennt, wahrend der jüdische Handelsmann sich mit dieser Beziehung brüstet."