de Bonaparte en Egypte (1798 - 1799) (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1947), Ottoman text, p. 6; Kabrda's translation on pp. 74 - 78; Rudolph Peters, Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (The Hague; New York: Mouton, 1979).

26. Darendeli, al-Hamlah, pp. 177 - 182; Kevin McCranie, "The

Operations and Effectiveness of the Ottoman Navy During Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt, 1798 - 1801," in Aryeh Shmuelevitz, ed., Napoleon and the French in Egypt and the Holy Land, 17981801 (Istanbul: Isis Press, 2002), pp. 155 - 164; this period, pp. 155158.

27. Al-Jabarti, Aja'ib, 3:18 - 21; Niello Sargy, 1:184.

28. "Firman du Grand Vizir," in Joseph-Marie Moiret, Mémoires sur

I'expédition d' Egypte (Paris: Pierre Belfond, 1984), pp. 74 - 76.

29. Abdullah al-Sharqawi, Tuhfat al-Nazirin fiman waliya Misr min al

Muluk wa al-Salatin, ed. Rihab Abd al-Hamid al-Qari (Cairo: Madbuli, 1996), pp. 122 - 123.

30. For ulema culture and sciences in the cighteenth century, see Peter

Gran, The Islamic Roots of Capitalisni: Egypt, 1760 - 1840 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979).

31. Nicolas-Philibert Desvernois, Mémoires du Général

Desvernois, ed. Albert Dufoure (Paris: Plon, 1898), p. 142.

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